Sympatric speciation and radiative evolution of socially parasitic ants - Heretic hypotheses and their factual background

According to current hypotheses the main types of social parasitism among ants, namely slavery, temporary parasitism, and inquilinism, arose from such features as predation on other ants, or territorial behavior, both presumed precursors of slavemaking, and polygyny, a presumed precursor of temporary parasitism and inquilinism. The latter is believed also to represent a final instar in several evolutionary pathways leading from slavery, temporary parasitism, and xenobiosis to this permanently parasitic, workerless condition. Speciation, the origin of parasitic species from their usually closely related host species, is suggested to occur due to temporary geographic isolation and subsequent transition of one of the newly formed daughter species to parasitism in the nests of the other. Evidence is presented suggesting that the main types of social parasitism originated independently of each other. 15 ant genera are parasitized exclusively by inquilines, Eve other genera exclusively by temporary parasites. Only four groups of non-parasitic ant species (Formica, Tet-ramorium, Leptothorax subgenera Leptothorax and Myrafant) have parasites of several types each. Within these roups, however, there is little evidence of evolutionary transitions from one type to another. The few exceptions, mainly workerless species of the genera Epimyrma and Chalepoxenus, represent parasites which clearly derive from slave-making congeners, but differ from ordinary inquilines in that they eliminate the host colony queens like their actively dulotic ancestors. The new hypothesis suggests that all forms of interspecific true social parasitism (excluding xenobiosis) orginated from a common “preparasitic” stage, a subpopulation of reproductives in polygynous colonies and species, with diverging sexual behavior (near-nest mating vs. swarming) and caste ratios (production of more sexuals vs. workers). Arguments for sympatric speciation are compiled. Various features of the ancestral, and then host species (colony sizes, population density and structure, transition from polygyny to monoyny, etc.), and of the “preparasite” (production of few, or no workers, etc.) may shape the developing parasite to become a slave-maker, inquiline, or temporary parasite. These features usually leave open only one, or in a few genera, several options. The different types of parasitism within one host species group thus may have developed in a radiative manner from the common, preparasitic stage, which explains that independent colony foundation is a common feature of all true social parasites among ants.     

Carcasses increase the probability of predation of ground-nesting birds: a caveat regarding the conservation value of vulture restaurants

Carcasses not only recruit carrion-eaters, but can also attract facultative scavengers which could predate on species living in the surroundings. At supplementary feeding stations ('vulture restaurants') carcasses are available permanently, posing a conservation dilemma: enhancing populations of endangered scavengers might introduce a predation pressure on non-target species. Here, we test if nest predation risk on ground-nesting birds increases near carcasses in Fuerteventura Island (Canary Archipelago). This is an optimal scenario for performing this study because there is a simple community of ground-nesting birds and facultative scavengers; carrion-eaters feed regularly in a unique vulture restaurant but also exploit scattered carcasses of goats. We placed artificial nests along different lines located at variable distances (200 m to 34 km) from the vulture restaurant or from single carcasses. Sixty-seven per cent of lines and up to 90% of nests within lines were predated. Predation risk was higher in lines near carcasses, that is single carcasses or the vulture restaurant. Thus, our study alerts that choosing the location for vulture restaurants may be the key not only for scavengers but also for the conservation of the species living nearby.     

Cardboard nesting cavities may promote the development of Osmia cornuta and reduce infestation of kleptoparasitic mites

Mason bees (Osmia spp.) are receiving increasing attention as they are very effective pollinators of multiple crops. However, different bee-associated kleptoparasites are known which can be detrimental to the development of the bees’ offspring. To date, clear evidence-based guidelines to control these kleptoparasites are lacking for growers. This study investigates whether different types of artificial nesting materials—cardboard tubes and wooden grooved boards—influence the development of the European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta) as well as the infestation rate of kleptoparasitic mites in the bees’ nest. This preliminary study provides insight that cardboard tubes reduce the infestation rate of mites by 81.8% and as such promote successful development of the European orchard bee by 15.5%. Using cardboard tubes over wooden grooved boards should be advised to growers as an effective management strategy to avoid infestation of kleptoparasitic mites and to enhance successful bee development.     

Experiments with artificial nests provide evidence for ant community stratification and nest site limitation in a tropical forest

Ants are dominant in tropical forests and many species nest in hollow cavities. The manner in which species are vertically stratified in these complex habitats is not known, with lack of nest sites being proposed to limit ant populations. Here, we assess ant community stratification and nest site limitation in a lowland rainforest in New Guinea using experimental addition of artificial bamboo nests of two cavity sizes (small: ~12 mm large: ~32 mm diameter) placed at ground level, in the understorey, and in the canopy. We also conducted a pilot experiment to test the utility of nest translocation. Nests were checked for occupancy after 10 weeks and half of the occupied nests were then translocated between forest plots, while keeping same vertical position. Occupancy of small nests was much higher in the understorey and canopy than at ground level (~75% vs. ~25%). Translocation was successful, as a majority of nests was inhabited by the same species before and after translocation and there was no impact of translocation to a different plot compared to the control, except for a reduction in colony size at ground level. Our experiment demonstrates a vertical stratification in community composition of ants nesting in hollow dead cavities and shows that these ants are more nest site limited in the higher strata than at ground level. Use of small artificial cavities has great potential for future experimental studies, especially for those focused on arboreal ants, as occupancy is high and translocation does not negatively affect their colony size. Abstract in Tok Pisin is available with online material.     

Ascomycetes on Frullania dilatata (Hepaticae) from Tuscany

During the last years, many randomly collected specimens of the corticolous hepatic Frullania dilatata (Jungermanniales) from Tuscany (Italy) were carefully screened for the presence of fungi. A heterogeneous assemblage of ten species of ascomycetes belonging to nine genera and five orders were found. Especially well represented are the Hypocreales with four species. Altogether, more than 100 fungal records are given. A key to the species is provided and the distinguishing characters are indicated including illustrations of ascospores. Most frequently found are Calonectria frullaniae (perianthicolous), which prevents normal capsule development and Bryocentria brongniartii (leaf-perforating). Hypobryon florentinum Döbbeler is described as new. Up to five different species may be found on the same host specimen. Features shared by most species are the formation of tiny perithecial ascomata, biotrophic parasitism, restriction to F. dilatata, and occupation of distinct and species-specific microniches. This is the first bryomycological investigation based on comprehensive material of one host species occurring in a small part of its geographical distribution area.Taxonomic novelties: Hypobryon florentinum Döbbeler, sp. nov.     

Strategies of social wasps for thermal homeostasis in light paper nests

1. With the derived free-run temperature of light paper nests the influence of the thermal capacity of the nest or the nest site, respectively, on thermal homeostasis is quantified.

2. Gravimetric information from the continuous investigation of the nest weight coupled with temperature and humidity measurement allows the correlation of the colonies’ foraging behavior with their heat production inside the nest.

3. Wasps (Vespa crabro) do not regulate their nest environment towards a specific and constant temperature but rather build nests adapted to their foraging behavior and general energy budget.

Interspecific aggression in mixed ungulate species exhibits

Mixed ungulate species exhibits are often plagued with difficulties stemming from interspecific aggression. Several aspects of interspecific aggression were investigated in mixed ungulate species exhibits at the Audubon Zoolnogical Garden in New Orleans, Louisiana. Success of a mixed species exhibit was found to be correlated with the rate of male-initiated aggression, but not with the total rate of aggression. Neither taxonomic relatedness nor size difference between the species could be used to predict the success of a species pairing. The total rate of aggression in an exhibit was related to taxonomic relatedness, aggression being highest between distantly related species. Increases in aggression were triggered by births, mating activity, and introduction of an animal to an exhibit.     

Population relationships of Simulium yahense and Simulium sanctipauli in the Firestone Rubber Plantation at Harbel, Liberia

Comparative genetic differences for the phosphoglucomutase and trehalase loci were surveyed in larval and adult blackfly populations of the onchocerciasis vectors Simulium yahense Vajime and Dunbar, and S.sanctipauli Vajime and Dunbar. Genotype frequencies for each stage and all populations were at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating that S.yahense and S.sanctipauli remain genetically distinct. S.yahense populations from three different locations were found to be genotypically comparable. The larval population of S.yahense found in closest proximity to a S.sanctipauli population was found to express the phosphoglucomutase allele 1.33, characteristic of S.sanctipauli, with significantly greater frequency than other larval populations of S.yahense. This may constitute evidence of limited genetic introgression of S.sanctipauli with the S.yahense population.